Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
2383-4196
10
3
2025
02
09
Bayesian Approach in Modeling Prostate Cancer
342
359
Job
Sirengo
Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Science, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
Drinold
Mbete
Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Science, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
2024
05
24
2024
12
30
Background: Prostate cancer is an emerging health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa and it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the lack of access to screening and diagnostic facilities.
Method: This study therefore aimed at modelling the effects of risk factors on the outcome of prostate cancer screening using Generalized Bayesian ordinal logistic regression with random effects then compare the results obtained with the model without random effects. The study further used Mean Squared Errors and established that the estimates for the two models were different
Results: The findings in this study indicate that aged individuals have high chances of having prostate cancer at the early, late or advanced stage. The individual with traces of family history and hereditary breast & ovarian cancer syndrome are also most likely to be in late or advanced stage of prostate cancer.
Conclusion: From the findings aged individuals, having traces of family history and individuals with hereditary breast & ovarian cancer history, should be on alert and understand all symptoms of prostate cancer. For any signs or appearance of prostate cancer symptoms, they are supposed seek for screening services at earliest time possible. In addition, the Ministry of Health should create awareness training and increase screening facilities, this will also encourage for early screening and detection of prostate cancer. The different estimates led to identifying the best model, whereby models with presence of random effects had lowest Widely Applicable Information Criterion values hence they were considered to be the best models in each category.
https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/1437
sequently applying the Mann-Whitney U Test using the SPSS statistics concluded to a quantitative research. The final result can be applied by the related authorities to protect the individual health, families and the social health in any society, and as a whole humans and human dignity. Therefore this research can be considered as an applied research too.
Findings: By comparing five countries which were randomly selected from almost each continent along with Iran, focused on Tehran as a metropolitan counting different ethnic groups, risks of satellite media which have impacts on any society understudy and which are in common among all those countries, were identified by risk management approach. Then the comparative and analytical studies and appraisals as well as statistical processes revealed that Iran’s current media approach and its performance towards the whole society are quite different from the other five countries that Iran was compared to.
Conclusions: A new technical way to approach risks of satellite media to control them for preventing any kind of satellite media risks that impacts on the individual health, families, the social health, and as a whole humans and human dignity, plus a new result for Iran obtained. As an applied research the new result showed that an immediate action is required to regulate media standards for the whole society to protect the individual health, families, the social health and as a whole humans and human dignity and also to modify the current situation of Iran’s media approach towards them.
https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/1555