Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology 2383-4196 1 3/4 2015 10 19 105 111 EN Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh-Afshar Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehdi Mohebali Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health AND Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iraj Sharifi School of Medicine, Leishmaniasis Research Centre AND Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Behnaz Akhoundi Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Saleh Bahreini Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mahmoudvand School of Medicine, Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 2015 10 13 2015 10 13 Background & Aim: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by the species of Leishmania donovani complex. Mediterranean type of disease is endemic in some parts of Iran and more than 95% of seropositivity cases were reported in children up to 12 years of age. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL in nomadic tribe’s population of the Kerman Province. Methods & Materials: Totally, 862 blood samples were collected from children up to 12 years old from nomadic tribes of the studied area. Before sampling, a questionnaire  was filled out for each case.  All  the  collected  blood  samples were  examined  after  the  plasma  separating  by  direct agglutination test for detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. The cut-off titer of ≥ 1:3200 with specific clinical features was considered as VL. Results: Altogether, 25 (2.6%) of the collected plasma samples showed anti-Leishmania antibodies at titers ≥ 1:800 and 6 of them (0.6%) showed titers ≥ 1:3200 with mild clinical manifestations. None of the seropositive  cases had a history of kala-azar.  Children  of 5-8 years old showed the highest seroprevalence rate (4.1%). Also, there were not any significant differences between the rate of seropositivity in males (0.58%) and females (0.67%), (P = 0.225). Conclusion: Although the seroprevalence of VL is relatively low in children up to 12 years old from nomadic tribes of the studied area, due to the importance  of the disease, the surveillance  system should be monitored by health authorities. https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/6 https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/download/6/30