Factors Affecting Loneliness in Older Adults: Evidence from Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging (ACSA)
-
ahmad delbari
,
Elahe Hesari
,
Mohammad Saatchi
,
Mohammad Bidkhori
,
Seyedeh Saleheh Mortazavi
,
Elham Hooshmand
Abstract
Introduction: Elderly people usually feel lonely that can have adverse health effects. The purpose of current paper is to determine the loneliness score in the elderly population of the Ardakan Cohort and the factors affecting it.
Methods: This is a cross sectional study using data from the Ardakan Cohort Study on Ageing (ACSA). Loneliness was measured using a 6-item De Jong Gierveld short scales. The 11-item Duke Social Support Index (DSSI) was used to measures social support of aging. living arrangement, demographic factors and self-rated health was also collected using a checklist. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between loneliness and predictor factors. The data was analyzed with Stata software version 17 and a p-value of 0.05 was considered as a significant level.
Results: Among the 5,188 participants, 48.13% were male and most of the participants were over 60 years old. Total score of loneliness was 3.27±1.45(95% CI: 3.24 to 3.31). Among covariates, age (p value=0.000), sex (p value=0.000), marital status (p value=0.046), education (p value=0.001) and economic status (p value=0.001) have significant association with loneliness score. People with good self-rated health had a lower loneliness score (p value<0.001). The score of social support has an inverse association with the score of loneliness (p value<0.001). Adults who lived with others had a higher loneliness score (p value<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, elderly people who have more social support and have better self-rated health feel less lonely.
1. Chang P-J, Wray L, Lin Y. Social relationships, leisure activity, and health in older adults. Health Psychology. 2014;33(6):516.
2. Ayalon L, Levkovich I. A systematic review of research on social networks of older adults.TheGerontologist.2019;59(3):e164-e76.
3. Kemperman A, van den Berg P, Weijs- Perrée M, Uijtdewillegen K. Loneliness of older adults: Social network and the living environment. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(3):406.
4. Wu H-Y, Chiou A-F. Social media usage, social support, intergenerational relationships, and depressive symptoms among older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2020;41(5):615-21.
5. Golden J, Conroy RM, Bruce I, Denihan A, Greene E, Kirby M, et al. Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community‐dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences. 2009;24(7):694-700.
6. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14 year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Social science & medicine. 1991;33(10):1189-95.
7. Teguo MT, Simo-Tabue N, Stoykova R, Meillon C, Cogne M, Amiéva H, et al. Feelings of loneliness and living alone as predictors of mortality in the elderly: the PAQUID study. Psychosomatic medicine. 2016;78(8):904-9.
8. Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta- analysis. Basic and applied social psychology. 2001;23(4):245-66.
9. de Jong Gierveld J, Keating N, Fast JE. Determinants of loneliness among older adults in Canada. Canadian Journal on Aging/ La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2015;34(2):125-36.
10. O'Súilleabháin PS, Gallagher S, Steptoe A. Loneliness, living alone, and all- cause mortality: The role of emotional and social loneliness in the elderly during 19 years of follow-up. Psychosomatic medicine. 2019;81(6):521.
11. Aging NIo. Social isolation, loneliness in older people pose health risks. Natl Inst Aging. 2019.
12. Jung FU, Luck-Sikorski C. Overweight and lonely? A representative study on loneliness in obese people and its determinants. Obesity facts. 2019;12(4):440-7.
13. Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and aging. 2010;25(1):132.
14. Hu J, Fitzgerald SM, Owen AJ, Ryan J, Joyce J, Chowdhury E, et al. Social isolation, social support, loneliness and cardiovascular
disease risk factors: A cross‐sectional study among older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1795-809.
15. Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B. Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools. BMJ open. 2016;6(4):e010799.
16. Manera KE, Smith BJ, Owen KB, Phongsavan P, Lim MH. Psychometric assessment of scales for measuring loneliness and social isolation: an analysis of the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2022;20(1):1-11.
17. De Jong-Gierveld J, Kamphuls F. The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied psychological measurement. 1985;9(3):289-99.
18. Scalise JJ, Ginter EJ, Gerstein LH. Multidimensional loneliness measure: the loneliness rating scale (LRS). Journal of Personality Assessment. 1984;48(5):525-30.
19. Kobayashi LC, Steptoe A. Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study. Ann Behav Med. 2018;52(7):582-93.
20. Domènech-Abella J, Mundó J, Lara E, Moneta MV, Haro JM, Olaya B. The role of socio-economic status and neighborhood social capital on loneliness among older adults: evidence from the Sant Boi Aging Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52(10):1237-46.
21. Rezaeipandari H, Ravaei J, Bahrevar V, Mirrezaei S, Morowatisharifabad MA. Social participation and loneliness among older adults in Yazd, Iran. Health Soc Care Community. 2020;28(6):2076-85.
22. Dahlberg L, McKee KJ, Frank A, Naseer M. A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2022;26(2):225-49.
23. De Jong Gierveld J, Van Tilburg T. The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European journal of ageing. 2010;7(2):121-30.
24. Shovestul B, Han J, Germine L, Dodell- Feder D. Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. 2020;15(2):e0229087.
25. Aminisani N, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shamshirgaran SM, Mirhafez SR, Borji A, Poustchi H, et al. Cohort Profile: The IRanian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IRLSA): the first comprehensive study on ageing in Iran. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2022.
26. Hosseinabadi R, Zeidali Beiranvand R, Pournia Y, Foroughan M, Ghaed Amini Harouni GR. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian community- dwelling older persons. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020.
27. Faramarzi M, Hosseini SR, Cumming RG, Kheirkhah F, Parsaei F, Ghasemi N, et al. A negative association between social support and depression in the elderly population of Amirkola City. Br J Med Med Res. 2015;8(8):707-16.
28. Mullins LC, Smith R, Colquitt R, Mushel M. An examination of the effects of self-rated and objective indicators of health condition and economic condition on the loneliness of older persons. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1996;15(1):23-37.
29. Mullins LC, Sheppard HL, Andersson
L. Loneliness and social isolation in Sweden: Differences in age, sex, labor force status, self- rated health, and income adequacy. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1991;10(4):455-68.
30. Hajek A, König H-H. Which factors contribute to loneliness among older Europeans? Findings from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe: determinants of loneliness. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2020;89:104080.
31. Fisher FD, Reitzel LR, Nguyen N, Savoy EJ, Advani PS, Cuevas AG, et al. Loneliness and self-rated health among church- attending African Americans. Am J Health Behav. 2014;38(4):481-91.
32. Nummela O, Seppänen M, Uutela A. The effect of loneliness and change in loneliness on self-rated health (SRH): a longitudinal study among aging people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):163-7.
33. Segrin C, Passalacqua SA. Functions of loneliness, social support, health behaviors, and stress in association with poor health. Health communication. 2010;25(4):312-22.
34. Hämmig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and in young, middle and old age. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219663.
35. Singer C. Health effects of social isolation and loneliness. Journal of Aging Life Care. 2018;28(1):4-8.
36. Caetano SC, Silva CM, Vettore MV. Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. BMC geriatrics. 2013;13(1):1-14.
37. Liu L, Gou Z, Zuo J. Social support mediates loneliness and depression in elderly people. Journal of health psychology. 2016;21(5):750-8.
38. Segrin C, Domschke T. Social support, loneliness, recuperative processes, and their direct and indirect effects on health. Health communication. 2011;26(3):221-32.
39. Chen Y, Feeley TH. Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults: An analysis of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2014;31(2):141-61.
40. Chen L, Alston M, Guo W. The influence of social support on loneliness and depression among older elderly people in China: Coping styles as mediators. Journal of community psychology. 2019;47(5):1235-45.
41. Holtfreter K, Reisig MD, Turanovic JJ. Self-rated poor health and loneliness in late adulthood: Testing the moderating role of familial ties. Advances in Life Course Research. 2016;27:61-8.
42. Chen Y, While AE, Hicks A. Self‐rated health and associated factors among older people living alone in S hanghai. Geriatrics & gerontology international. 2015;15(4):457-64.
43. Cheng S-T, Chan AC. Social support and self-rated health revisited:: Is there a gender difference in later life? Social Science & Medicine. 2006;63(1):118-22.
44. Sundström G, Fransson E, Malmberg B, Davey A. Loneliness among older Europeans. European journal of ageing. 2009;6(4):267-75.
45. Dai Y, Zhang C-Y, Zhang B-Q, Li Z, Jiang C, Huang H-L. Social support and the self-rated health of older people: A comparative study in Tainan Taiwan and Fuzhou Fujian province. Medicine. 2016;95(24).
46. Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging. 2006;21(1):140.
47. Savikko N, Routasalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkälä KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2005;41(3):223-33.
48. Lim LL, Kua E-H. Living alone, loneliness, and psychological well-being of older persons in Singapore. Current gerontology and geriatrics research. 2011;2011.
49. Chalise HN, Saito T, Takahashi M, Kai I. Relationship specialization amongst sources and receivers of social support and its correlations with loneliness and subjective well-being: A cross sectional study of Nepalese older adults. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2007;44(3):299-314.
50. Hellström Y, Persson G, Hallberg IR. Quality of life and symptoms among older people living at home. Journal of advanced nursing. 2004;48(6):584-93.
51. Kim OS, Baik SH. The relationships among loneliness, social support, and family function in elderly Korean. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33(3):425-32.
52. Dasmasela MA. Internasional Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI). 2019.
53. Wei K, Liu Y, Yang J, Gu N, Cao X, Zhao X, et al. Living arrangement modifies the associations of loneliness with adverse health outcomes in older adults: evidence from the CLHLS. BMC geriatrics. 2022;22(1):1-11.
54. Paúl C, Ribeiro O. Predicting loneliness in old people living in the community. Reviews in clinical gerontology. 2009;19(1):53-60.
55. Tijhuis M, De Jong-Gierveld J, Feskens E, Kromhout D. Changes in and factors related to loneliness in older men. The Zutphen Elderly Study. Age and ageing. 1999;28(5):491-5.
56. Bhatia S, Swami H, Thakur J, Bhatia
V. A study of health problems and loneliness among the elderly in Chandigarh. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007;32(4):255.
57. Ferreira-Alves J, Magalhães P, Viola L, Simoes R. Loneliness in middle and old age: Demographics, perceived health, and social satisfaction as predictors. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2014;59(3):613-23.
58. Dykstra PA. Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European journal of ageing. 2009;6(2):91-100.
59. Chawla K, Kunonga TP, Stow D, Barker R, Craig D, Hanratty B. Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high- income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one. 2021;16(7):e0255088.
60. Jylhä M. Old age and loneliness: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in the Tampere Longitudinal Study on Aging. Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2004;23(2):157- 68.
61. Dykstra PA, Van Tilburg TG, Gierveld JDJ. Changes in older adult loneliness: Results from a seven-year longitudinal study. Research on aging. 2005;27(6):725-47.
62. Luhmann M, Hawkley LC. Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental psychology. 2016;52(6):943.
63. Hazer O, Boylu AA. The examination of the factors affecting the feeling of loneliness of the elderly. Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences. 2010;9:2083-9.
64. Narushima M, Kawabata M. “Fiercely independent”: Experiences of aging in the right place of older women living alone with physical limitations. Journal of Aging Studies. 2020;54:100875.
65. Ching-Yu Cheng M. Living alone: the choice and health of older women. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2006;32(9):16.
66. Sarkar SM, Dhar BK, Crowley SS, Ayittey FK, Gazi MAI. Psychological Adjustment and Guidance for Ageing Urban Women. Ageing International. 2021:1-9.
67. Macdonald SJ, Nixon J, Deacon L. ‘Loneliness in the city’: Examining socio- economics, loneliness and poor health in the North East of England. Public Health. 2018;165:88-94.
68. Kung CS, Pudney SE, Shields MA. Economic gradients in loneliness, social isolation and social support: Evidence from the UK Biobank. Social Science & Medicine. 2022:115122.
69. Myck M, Waldegrave C, Dahlberg
L. Two Dimensions of Social Exclusion: Economic Deprivation and Dynamics of Loneliness During Later Life in Europe. Innovation in Aging. 2020;4(Suppl 1):610.
70. Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic medicine. 2009;71(8):836.
2. Ayalon L, Levkovich I. A systematic review of research on social networks of older adults.TheGerontologist.2019;59(3):e164-e76.
3. Kemperman A, van den Berg P, Weijs- Perrée M, Uijtdewillegen K. Loneliness of older adults: Social network and the living environment. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(3):406.
4. Wu H-Y, Chiou A-F. Social media usage, social support, intergenerational relationships, and depressive symptoms among older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2020;41(5):615-21.
5. Golden J, Conroy RM, Bruce I, Denihan A, Greene E, Kirby M, et al. Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community‐dwelling elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences. 2009;24(7):694-700.
6. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14 year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Social science & medicine. 1991;33(10):1189-95.
7. Teguo MT, Simo-Tabue N, Stoykova R, Meillon C, Cogne M, Amiéva H, et al. Feelings of loneliness and living alone as predictors of mortality in the elderly: the PAQUID study. Psychosomatic medicine. 2016;78(8):904-9.
8. Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta- analysis. Basic and applied social psychology. 2001;23(4):245-66.
9. de Jong Gierveld J, Keating N, Fast JE. Determinants of loneliness among older adults in Canada. Canadian Journal on Aging/ La Revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2015;34(2):125-36.
10. O'Súilleabháin PS, Gallagher S, Steptoe A. Loneliness, living alone, and all- cause mortality: The role of emotional and social loneliness in the elderly during 19 years of follow-up. Psychosomatic medicine. 2019;81(6):521.
11. Aging NIo. Social isolation, loneliness in older people pose health risks. Natl Inst Aging. 2019.
12. Jung FU, Luck-Sikorski C. Overweight and lonely? A representative study on loneliness in obese people and its determinants. Obesity facts. 2019;12(4):440-7.
13. Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and aging. 2010;25(1):132.
14. Hu J, Fitzgerald SM, Owen AJ, Ryan J, Joyce J, Chowdhury E, et al. Social isolation, social support, loneliness and cardiovascular
disease risk factors: A cross‐sectional study among older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2021;36(11):1795-809.
15. Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Hanratty B. Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools. BMJ open. 2016;6(4):e010799.
16. Manera KE, Smith BJ, Owen KB, Phongsavan P, Lim MH. Psychometric assessment of scales for measuring loneliness and social isolation: an analysis of the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2022;20(1):1-11.
17. De Jong-Gierveld J, Kamphuls F. The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied psychological measurement. 1985;9(3):289-99.
18. Scalise JJ, Ginter EJ, Gerstein LH. Multidimensional loneliness measure: the loneliness rating scale (LRS). Journal of Personality Assessment. 1984;48(5):525-30.
19. Kobayashi LC, Steptoe A. Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study. Ann Behav Med. 2018;52(7):582-93.
20. Domènech-Abella J, Mundó J, Lara E, Moneta MV, Haro JM, Olaya B. The role of socio-economic status and neighborhood social capital on loneliness among older adults: evidence from the Sant Boi Aging Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52(10):1237-46.
21. Rezaeipandari H, Ravaei J, Bahrevar V, Mirrezaei S, Morowatisharifabad MA. Social participation and loneliness among older adults in Yazd, Iran. Health Soc Care Community. 2020;28(6):2076-85.
22. Dahlberg L, McKee KJ, Frank A, Naseer M. A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2022;26(2):225-49.
23. De Jong Gierveld J, Van Tilburg T. The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European journal of ageing. 2010;7(2):121-30.
24. Shovestul B, Han J, Germine L, Dodell- Feder D. Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. 2020;15(2):e0229087.
25. Aminisani N, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shamshirgaran SM, Mirhafez SR, Borji A, Poustchi H, et al. Cohort Profile: The IRanian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IRLSA): the first comprehensive study on ageing in Iran. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2022.
26. Hosseinabadi R, Zeidali Beiranvand R, Pournia Y, Foroughan M, Ghaed Amini Harouni GR. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian community- dwelling older persons. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2020.
27. Faramarzi M, Hosseini SR, Cumming RG, Kheirkhah F, Parsaei F, Ghasemi N, et al. A negative association between social support and depression in the elderly population of Amirkola City. Br J Med Med Res. 2015;8(8):707-16.
28. Mullins LC, Smith R, Colquitt R, Mushel M. An examination of the effects of self-rated and objective indicators of health condition and economic condition on the loneliness of older persons. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1996;15(1):23-37.
29. Mullins LC, Sheppard HL, Andersson
L. Loneliness and social isolation in Sweden: Differences in age, sex, labor force status, self- rated health, and income adequacy. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 1991;10(4):455-68.
30. Hajek A, König H-H. Which factors contribute to loneliness among older Europeans? Findings from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe: determinants of loneliness. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2020;89:104080.
31. Fisher FD, Reitzel LR, Nguyen N, Savoy EJ, Advani PS, Cuevas AG, et al. Loneliness and self-rated health among church- attending African Americans. Am J Health Behav. 2014;38(4):481-91.
32. Nummela O, Seppänen M, Uutela A. The effect of loneliness and change in loneliness on self-rated health (SRH): a longitudinal study among aging people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):163-7.
33. Segrin C, Passalacqua SA. Functions of loneliness, social support, health behaviors, and stress in association with poor health. Health communication. 2010;25(4):312-22.
34. Hämmig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and in young, middle and old age. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219663.
35. Singer C. Health effects of social isolation and loneliness. Journal of Aging Life Care. 2018;28(1):4-8.
36. Caetano SC, Silva CM, Vettore MV. Gender differences in the association of perceived social support and social network with self-rated health status among older adults: a population-based study in Brazil. BMC geriatrics. 2013;13(1):1-14.
37. Liu L, Gou Z, Zuo J. Social support mediates loneliness and depression in elderly people. Journal of health psychology. 2016;21(5):750-8.
38. Segrin C, Domschke T. Social support, loneliness, recuperative processes, and their direct and indirect effects on health. Health communication. 2011;26(3):221-32.
39. Chen Y, Feeley TH. Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults: An analysis of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2014;31(2):141-61.
40. Chen L, Alston M, Guo W. The influence of social support on loneliness and depression among older elderly people in China: Coping styles as mediators. Journal of community psychology. 2019;47(5):1235-45.
41. Holtfreter K, Reisig MD, Turanovic JJ. Self-rated poor health and loneliness in late adulthood: Testing the moderating role of familial ties. Advances in Life Course Research. 2016;27:61-8.
42. Chen Y, While AE, Hicks A. Self‐rated health and associated factors among older people living alone in S hanghai. Geriatrics & gerontology international. 2015;15(4):457-64.
43. Cheng S-T, Chan AC. Social support and self-rated health revisited:: Is there a gender difference in later life? Social Science & Medicine. 2006;63(1):118-22.
44. Sundström G, Fransson E, Malmberg B, Davey A. Loneliness among older Europeans. European journal of ageing. 2009;6(4):267-75.
45. Dai Y, Zhang C-Y, Zhang B-Q, Li Z, Jiang C, Huang H-L. Social support and the self-rated health of older people: A comparative study in Tainan Taiwan and Fuzhou Fujian province. Medicine. 2016;95(24).
46. Cacioppo JT, Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging. 2006;21(1):140.
47. Savikko N, Routasalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkälä KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2005;41(3):223-33.
48. Lim LL, Kua E-H. Living alone, loneliness, and psychological well-being of older persons in Singapore. Current gerontology and geriatrics research. 2011;2011.
49. Chalise HN, Saito T, Takahashi M, Kai I. Relationship specialization amongst sources and receivers of social support and its correlations with loneliness and subjective well-being: A cross sectional study of Nepalese older adults. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2007;44(3):299-314.
50. Hellström Y, Persson G, Hallberg IR. Quality of life and symptoms among older people living at home. Journal of advanced nursing. 2004;48(6):584-93.
51. Kim OS, Baik SH. The relationships among loneliness, social support, and family function in elderly Korean. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33(3):425-32.
52. Dasmasela MA. Internasional Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI). 2019.
53. Wei K, Liu Y, Yang J, Gu N, Cao X, Zhao X, et al. Living arrangement modifies the associations of loneliness with adverse health outcomes in older adults: evidence from the CLHLS. BMC geriatrics. 2022;22(1):1-11.
54. Paúl C, Ribeiro O. Predicting loneliness in old people living in the community. Reviews in clinical gerontology. 2009;19(1):53-60.
55. Tijhuis M, De Jong-Gierveld J, Feskens E, Kromhout D. Changes in and factors related to loneliness in older men. The Zutphen Elderly Study. Age and ageing. 1999;28(5):491-5.
56. Bhatia S, Swami H, Thakur J, Bhatia
V. A study of health problems and loneliness among the elderly in Chandigarh. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007;32(4):255.
57. Ferreira-Alves J, Magalhães P, Viola L, Simoes R. Loneliness in middle and old age: Demographics, perceived health, and social satisfaction as predictors. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2014;59(3):613-23.
58. Dykstra PA. Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European journal of ageing. 2009;6(2):91-100.
59. Chawla K, Kunonga TP, Stow D, Barker R, Craig D, Hanratty B. Prevalence of loneliness amongst older people in high- income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one. 2021;16(7):e0255088.
60. Jylhä M. Old age and loneliness: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in the Tampere Longitudinal Study on Aging. Canadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement. 2004;23(2):157- 68.
61. Dykstra PA, Van Tilburg TG, Gierveld JDJ. Changes in older adult loneliness: Results from a seven-year longitudinal study. Research on aging. 2005;27(6):725-47.
62. Luhmann M, Hawkley LC. Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental psychology. 2016;52(6):943.
63. Hazer O, Boylu AA. The examination of the factors affecting the feeling of loneliness of the elderly. Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences. 2010;9:2083-9.
64. Narushima M, Kawabata M. “Fiercely independent”: Experiences of aging in the right place of older women living alone with physical limitations. Journal of Aging Studies. 2020;54:100875.
65. Ching-Yu Cheng M. Living alone: the choice and health of older women. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 2006;32(9):16.
66. Sarkar SM, Dhar BK, Crowley SS, Ayittey FK, Gazi MAI. Psychological Adjustment and Guidance for Ageing Urban Women. Ageing International. 2021:1-9.
67. Macdonald SJ, Nixon J, Deacon L. ‘Loneliness in the city’: Examining socio- economics, loneliness and poor health in the North East of England. Public Health. 2018;165:88-94.
68. Kung CS, Pudney SE, Shields MA. Economic gradients in loneliness, social isolation and social support: Evidence from the UK Biobank. Social Science & Medicine. 2022:115122.
69. Myck M, Waldegrave C, Dahlberg
L. Two Dimensions of Social Exclusion: Economic Deprivation and Dynamics of Loneliness During Later Life in Europe. Innovation in Aging. 2020;4(Suppl 1):610.
70. Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic medicine. 2009;71(8):836.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jbe.v9i3.15447 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Loneliness Older adults social support Self-rated health Ardakan Cohort Study on Ageing (ACSA) living arrangement | ||
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How to Cite
1.
delbari ahmad, Hesari E, Saatchi M, Bidkhori M, Mortazavi SS, Hooshmand E. Factors Affecting Loneliness in Older Adults: Evidence from Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging (ACSA). JBE. 2023;9(3):336-350.
