Task-Dependent Brain Activity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Determined By Bayesian Spatio-Temporal Single Case Model
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Abstract
Introduction: Data obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have a complex structure. Considering the special features of this type of data in analyses is of particular importance. Previous studies on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as a prevalent mental disorder using functional neuroimaging have had conflicting results. In this study, we apply a Bayesian spatiotemporal model to this type of data which considers both spatial and temporal dependence among regions which is one of the most essential features to consider.
Methods: In this single-subject study, we analyze data from a patient with GAD and a healthy participant. Both participants are 24-year-old women who are assigned an emotion reactivity task (matching neutral and negative facial expressions) inside a scanner. The spatial Bayesian variable selection method is used to detect blood oxygen level-dependent activation in fMRI data.
Results: Activation areas in neutral and negative facial expressions are provided for both participants by posterior probability map. The results of our study show a greater level of activity in the GAD participant in comparison to the healthy participant in responding to the negative matching task.
Conclusion: the GAD patient showed more neural activity in response to negative facial expressions than the healthy participant in brain regions related to emotional response in the areas of the frontal Pole, middle frontal gyrus, insular cortex, and frontal orbital cortex. Moreover, the inferior frontal gyrus in the patient with GAD showed more reaction to negative emotional stimuli.
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13. Maron E, Nutt D. Biological Markers of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Focus. 2018;16(2):210-8.
14. Mochcovitch MD, da Rocha Freire RC, Garcia RF, Nardi AE. A systematic review of fMRI studies in generalized anxiety disorder: evaluating its neural and cognitive basis. Journal of affective disorders. 2014;167:336- 42.
15. Cowles MK. Applied Bayesian statistics: with R and OpenBUGS examples: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
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17. First MB, Williams JB, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. User's guide for the SCID-5- CV Structured Clinical Interview for DSM- 5® disorders: Clinical version: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2016.
18. Hariri AR, Tessitore A, Mattay VS, Fera F, Weinberger DR. The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage. 2002;17(1):317-23.
19. Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry research. 2009;168(3):242-9.
20. Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, et al. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage. 2004;23:S208-S19.
21. Hirschman II, Widder DV. The convolution transform: Courier Corporation; 2012.
22. Lazar NA. The statistical analysis of functional MRI data: Springer; 2008.
23. Lee K-J, Jones GL, Caffo BS, Bassett
SS. Spatial Bayesian variable selection models on functional magnetic resonance imaging time-series data. Bayesian Analysis (Online). 2014;9(3):699.
24. Buxton RB, Frank LR. A model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation. Journal of cerebral blood flow & metabolism. 1997;17(1):64-72.
25. Henson R, Friston K. Convolution models for fMRI. Statistical parametric mapping: The analysis of functional brain images. 2007:178-92.
26. Musgrove DR, Hughes J, Eberly LE. Fast, fully Bayesian spatiotemporal inference for fMRI data. Biostatistics. 2016;17(2):291- 303.
27. Penny W, Kiebel S, Friston K. Variational Bayesian inference for fMRI time series. NeuroImage. 2003;19(3):727-41.
28. Mitchell TJ, Beauchamp JJ. Bayesian variable selection in linear regression. Journal of the american statistical association. 1988;83(404):1023-32.
29. Montgomery DC, Jennings CL, Kulahci M. Introduction to time series analysis and forecasting: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
30. Smith M, Fahrmeir L. Spatial Bayesian variable selection with application to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2007;102(478):417-31.
31. Makris N, Goldstein JM, Kennedy D, Hodge SM, Caviness VS, Faraone SV, et al. Decreased volume of left and total anterior insular lobule in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2006;83(2-3):155-71.
32. Friston KJ, Harrison L, Penny W. Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage.
2003;19(4):1273-302.
33. Blair KS, Geraci M, Smith BW, Hollon N, DeVido J, Otero M, et al. Reduced dorsal anterior cingulate cortical activity during emotional regulation and top-down attentional control in generalized social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid generalized social phobia/generalized anxiety disorder. Biological psychiatry. 2012;72(6):476-82.
34. Monk CS, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Leibenluft E, et al. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1091-7.
35. Blair K, Shaywitz J, Smith BW, Rhodes R, Geraci M, Jones M, et al. Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;165(9):1193-202.
36. Borkovec TD, Alcaine O, Behar E. Avoidance theory of worry and generalized a nxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. 2004;2004:77-108.
37. Mennin DS, Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Fresco DM. Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2005;43(10):1281-310.
38. Goodwin H, Yiend J, Hirsch CR. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and Task-Dependent Brain Activity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder ... attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2017;54:107-22.
39. Fitzgerald JM, Phan KL, Kennedy AE, Shankman SA, Langenecker SA, Klumpp H. Prefrontal and amygdala engagement during emotional reactivity and regulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;218:398-406.
40. Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Sullivan SG, Letamendi A, Simmons AN, et al. Common and disorder-specific neural responses to emotional faces in generalised anxiety, social anxiety and panic disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;206(3):206- 15.
41. Etkin A, Schatzberg AF. Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011;168(9):968-78.
42. Kim N, Kim MJ. Altered Task-Evoked Corticolimbic Responsivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(7):3630.
43. Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2009;23(8):1011- 23.
2. Lee K-J. Application of Spatial Bayesian Hierarchical Models to fMRI Data. Assessment of Cellular and Organ Function and Dysfunction using Direct and Derived MRI Methodologies. 2016:57.
3. Ashby FG. Statistical analysis of fMRI data: MIT press; 2019.
4. Wittchen HU. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depression and anxiety. 2002;16(4):162-71.
5. Hoffman DL, Dukes EM, Wittchen HU. Human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety. 2008;25(1):72-90.
6. Kapczinski F, dos Santos Souza JJ, da Cunha AABM, Schmitt RR. Antidepressants for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003(2).
7. Fonzo GA, Etkin A. Affective neuroimaging in generalized anxiety disorder: an integrated review. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2017;19(2):169.
8. Nitschke JB, Sarinopoulos I, Oathes DJ, Johnstone T, Whalen PJ, Davidson RJ, et al. Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;166(3):302-10.
9. Hölzel BK, Hoge EA, Greve DN, Gard T, Creswell JD, Brown KW, et al. Neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2013;2:448-58.
10. Montagne B, Schutters S, Westenberg HG, van Honk J, Kessels RP, de Haan EH. Reduced sensitivity in the recognition of anger and disgust in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2006;11(4):389-
401.
11. Palm M, Elliott R, McKie S, Deakin J, Anderson I. Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological medicine. 2011;41(5):1009-18.
12. Ball TM, Ramsawh HJ, Campbell-Sills L, Paulus MP, Stein MB. Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Psychological medicine. 2013;43(7):1475-86.
13. Maron E, Nutt D. Biological Markers of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Focus. 2018;16(2):210-8.
14. Mochcovitch MD, da Rocha Freire RC, Garcia RF, Nardi AE. A systematic review of fMRI studies in generalized anxiety disorder: evaluating its neural and cognitive basis. Journal of affective disorders. 2014;167:336- 42.
15. Cowles MK. Applied Bayesian statistics: with R and OpenBUGS examples: Springer Science & Business Media; 2013.
16. Zhang L, Guindani M, Vannucci M. Bayesian models for functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 2015;7(1):21-41.
17. First MB, Williams JB, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. User's guide for the SCID-5- CV Structured Clinical Interview for DSM- 5® disorders: Clinical version: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2016.
18. Hariri AR, Tessitore A, Mattay VS, Fera F, Weinberger DR. The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: a comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage. 2002;17(1):317-23.
19. Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry research. 2009;168(3):242-9.
20. Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, et al. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage. 2004;23:S208-S19.
21. Hirschman II, Widder DV. The convolution transform: Courier Corporation; 2012.
22. Lazar NA. The statistical analysis of functional MRI data: Springer; 2008.
23. Lee K-J, Jones GL, Caffo BS, Bassett
SS. Spatial Bayesian variable selection models on functional magnetic resonance imaging time-series data. Bayesian Analysis (Online). 2014;9(3):699.
24. Buxton RB, Frank LR. A model for the coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during neural stimulation. Journal of cerebral blood flow & metabolism. 1997;17(1):64-72.
25. Henson R, Friston K. Convolution models for fMRI. Statistical parametric mapping: The analysis of functional brain images. 2007:178-92.
26. Musgrove DR, Hughes J, Eberly LE. Fast, fully Bayesian spatiotemporal inference for fMRI data. Biostatistics. 2016;17(2):291- 303.
27. Penny W, Kiebel S, Friston K. Variational Bayesian inference for fMRI time series. NeuroImage. 2003;19(3):727-41.
28. Mitchell TJ, Beauchamp JJ. Bayesian variable selection in linear regression. Journal of the american statistical association. 1988;83(404):1023-32.
29. Montgomery DC, Jennings CL, Kulahci M. Introduction to time series analysis and forecasting: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
30. Smith M, Fahrmeir L. Spatial Bayesian variable selection with application to functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2007;102(478):417-31.
31. Makris N, Goldstein JM, Kennedy D, Hodge SM, Caviness VS, Faraone SV, et al. Decreased volume of left and total anterior insular lobule in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2006;83(2-3):155-71.
32. Friston KJ, Harrison L, Penny W. Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage.
2003;19(4):1273-302.
33. Blair KS, Geraci M, Smith BW, Hollon N, DeVido J, Otero M, et al. Reduced dorsal anterior cingulate cortical activity during emotional regulation and top-down attentional control in generalized social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and comorbid generalized social phobia/generalized anxiety disorder. Biological psychiatry. 2012;72(6):476-82.
34. Monk CS, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Leibenluft E, et al. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(6):1091-7.
35. Blair K, Shaywitz J, Smith BW, Rhodes R, Geraci M, Jones M, et al. Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;165(9):1193-202.
36. Borkovec TD, Alcaine O, Behar E. Avoidance theory of worry and generalized a nxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. 2004;2004:77-108.
37. Mennin DS, Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Fresco DM. Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy. 2005;43(10):1281-310.
38. Goodwin H, Yiend J, Hirsch CR. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and Task-Dependent Brain Activity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder ... attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2017;54:107-22.
39. Fitzgerald JM, Phan KL, Kennedy AE, Shankman SA, Langenecker SA, Klumpp H. Prefrontal and amygdala engagement during emotional reactivity and regulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2017;218:398-406.
40. Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Sullivan SG, Letamendi A, Simmons AN, et al. Common and disorder-specific neural responses to emotional faces in generalised anxiety, social anxiety and panic disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;206(3):206- 15.
41. Etkin A, Schatzberg AF. Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011;168(9):968-78.
42. Kim N, Kim MJ. Altered Task-Evoked Corticolimbic Responsivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(7):3630.
43. Behar E, DiMarco ID, Hekler EB, Mohlman J, Staples AM. Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2009;23(8):1011- 23.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9 No 3 (2023) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jbe.v9i3.15449 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bayesian spatio-temporal model functional magnetic resonance imaging generalized anxiety disorder emotional stimuli BOLD response posterior probability map | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Hosseinian Ghamsari FS, Rasekhi A, Faghihzadeh E, Farrahi H. Task-Dependent Brain Activity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Determined By Bayesian Spatio-Temporal Single Case Model. JBE. 2023;9(3):363-377.
