Gestational diabetes : Worrisome Prevalence
Abstract
Background & Aim: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy which is caused due to insulin resistance and carries several risks for the mother and neonate. So, an updated data from its prevalence in different geographical areas is important.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional analytic study was performed on pregnant women referring health centers in Qom city from June 2013 to September 2014 for prenatal care. In week 10 of pregnancy, fasting blood sugar (FBS) was checked for all participants and those who had FBS >126mg/dL for 2 times were excluded from the study and all participants who remained in the study underwent oral glucose tolerance test with 75 gr glucose at 24-28weeks of gestation. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed on the basis of at least one abnormal responses of glucose≥92mg/dL, 1-hour glucose ≥180 mg/dL or 2-hour glucose ≥153mg/dL.
Results: A total of 4988 pregnant women enrolled the study. Based on 75g oral glucose tolerance (OGT) test results at 24-28 weeks of gestation, 1036 women (20.76%) had gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes was significantly associated with maternal age, body mass index, history of gestational diabetes, a family history of type II diabetes in first-degree relatives, history of preterm labor, known hypothyroidism before pregnancy and history of macrosomia.
Conclusion: Gestational diabetes has a high prevalence in Qom city, and it seems that new studies are needed to determine its prevalence in other regions.
1. Jafari-Shobeiri M, Ghojazadeh M, AzamiAghdash S, Naghavi-Behzad M, Piri R, PouraliAkbar Y, Nasrollah-Zadeh R, Bayat-Khajeh P, Mohammadi M. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2015; 44(8): 1036-44.
2. Parham M, Heidari S, Khorramirad A, Hozoori M, Hosseinzadeh F, Bakhtyari L, Vafaeimanesh J. Effects of pistachio nut supplementation on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014; 11(2):190-6.
3. Jovanovic L. American Diabetes Association's Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: summary and discussion. Therapeutic interventions.Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21 Suppl 2:B131-7.
4. Naghavi-Behzad M, Alizadeh M, Azami S, Foroughifar S, Ghasempour-Dabbaghi K, Karzad N, Ahadi H-R, Naghavi-Behzad A. Risk Factors of Congenital Heart Diseases: A Case-Control Study in Northwest Iran. JCVTR, 2013; 5(1): 5.
5. Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Aktary WM, Pasichnyk D, Seida JC, Donovan L. Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus.Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2012 Oct;(210):1-327..
6. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups.Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy.International Association of Diabetesand Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel .Diabetes Care Mar 2010, 33 (3) 676-682
7. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2011;34 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-9.
8. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan;37 Suppl 1:S81-90. doi: 10.2337/dc14S081.
9. Anna V, van der Ploeg HP, Cheung NW, et al. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 2288.
10. Sayehmiri F; Bakhtiyari S; Darvishi P; Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis Study. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 2013; 15(40): 16-23.
11. Danilenko-Dixon DR, Van Winter JT, Nelson RL, Ogburn PL Jr. Universal versus selective gestational diabetes screening: application of 1997 American Diabetes Association recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 798. 12. Gabbe SG, Gregory RP, Power ML, Williams SB, Schulkin J. Management of diabetes mellitus by obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jun;103(6):1229-34.
13. Benhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Hanssens M, Devlieger R, Verhaeghe J, Mathieu C. Gestational diabetes: overview of the new consensus screening strategy and diagnostic criteria.Acta Clin Belg. 2012 Jul-Aug;67(4):255-61.
14-Horvath K, Koch K, Jeitler K, et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: c1395.
15.Nezami N, Safa J, Eftekhar-Sadat AT, Salari B, Ghorashi S, Sakhaee K, et al. Lovastatin raises serum osteoprotegerin level in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. ClinBiochem 2010; 43(16): 1294-9.
16.Schneider S, Bock C, Wetzel M, Maul H, Loerbroks A. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in advanced economies. J Perinat Med, 2012; 40(5): 511-20.
17.Colussi D, Salari B, Stewart K, Lauwers G, Richter J, Chan A, et al. Clinical characteristics and patterns and predictors of response to therapy in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50(11): 1382-8.
18.Bahadori F, Ayatollahi H, Naghavi-Behzad M, Khalkhali H, Naseri Z. Predicting factors on cervical ripening and response to induction in women pregnant over 37 weeks. Medical Ultrasonography, 2013; 15(3): 191-8.
19. Ghojazadeh M, Naghavi-Behzad M, Azar ZF, Saleh P, Ghorashi S, Pouri A-A. Parental knowledge and attitudes about human papilloma virus in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012; 13: 6169-73.
20. Salari B, Totonchi JS. Evaluation of the Goldman tip procedure and suture technique in tip rhinoplasty. J PlastReconstrAesthetSurg, 2011; 64(4): 467-71.
21. Aliasgarzadeh A, Ghojazadeh M, Haji-Hoseini R, Mehanfar F, Piri R, Naghavi-Behzad M, Nezami N. Age related secretary pattern of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I & insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in postmenopausal women. Indian J Med Res, 2014; 139: 598-602.
22. KhoshniatNikoo M, AbbaszaehharjaniSh, Larijani B. Reviewing the prevalence of gestational diabetes in different parts of Iran. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2008; 8(1): 1-10. [in Persian]
23. Mirfeyzi M, Azarian AA, Mirheidari M. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes in pregnant women living in Karaj, in 2008. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders 2010; 9(4): 376-82.
24. Albrecht SS, Kuklina EV, Bansil P, et al. Diabetes trends among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S., 1994-2004. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 768.
25. Kamali S, Shahnam F, HosseinpourMemari M. The association of GDM screening test with 75-g oral glucose with unfavorable complications of pregnancy. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences 2003; 43(): 17-23. [in Persian] 26. Shirazian N, Emdadi R, Mahboubi M, Motevallian A, Fazel-Sarjuei Z, Sedighpour N, Fadaki SF, Shahmoradi N. Screening for gestational diabetes: usefulness of clinical risk factors. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009; 280(6): 933-7.
27. Svare JA, Hansen BB, Mølsted-Pedersen L. Perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta obstetriciaet gynecologica Scandinavica 2001; 80(10): 899-904.
28. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2009. With Special Feature on Medical Technology. Hyattsville MD, 2010. Table 51. Available from file://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus09.pdf#051.
29. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. National Diabetes Statistics, 2007. Available from: //diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/
30. Moradi S, Shafieepour MR, Mortazavi M, Pishgar F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Rafsanjan: a comparison of different criteria. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29: 209.
31. Parham M, Asgarani F, Bagherzadeh M, Ebrahimi G, Vafaeimanesh J. Thyroid function in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: Is screening necessary? Thyroid Res Pract 2015; 12: 3-7.
2. Parham M, Heidari S, Khorramirad A, Hozoori M, Hosseinzadeh F, Bakhtyari L, Vafaeimanesh J. Effects of pistachio nut supplementation on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014; 11(2):190-6.
3. Jovanovic L. American Diabetes Association's Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: summary and discussion. Therapeutic interventions.Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21 Suppl 2:B131-7.
4. Naghavi-Behzad M, Alizadeh M, Azami S, Foroughifar S, Ghasempour-Dabbaghi K, Karzad N, Ahadi H-R, Naghavi-Behzad A. Risk Factors of Congenital Heart Diseases: A Case-Control Study in Northwest Iran. JCVTR, 2013; 5(1): 5.
5. Hartling L, Dryden DM, Guthrie A, Muise M, Vandermeer B, Aktary WM, Pasichnyk D, Seida JC, Donovan L. Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus.Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2012 Oct;(210):1-327..
6. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups.Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy.International Association of Diabetesand Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel .Diabetes Care Mar 2010, 33 (3) 676-682
7. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2011;34 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-9.
8. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.Diabetes Care. 2014 Jan;37 Suppl 1:S81-90. doi: 10.2337/dc14S081.
9. Anna V, van der Ploeg HP, Cheung NW, et al. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 2288.
10. Sayehmiri F; Bakhtiyari S; Darvishi P; Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis Study. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 2013; 15(40): 16-23.
11. Danilenko-Dixon DR, Van Winter JT, Nelson RL, Ogburn PL Jr. Universal versus selective gestational diabetes screening: application of 1997 American Diabetes Association recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 798. 12. Gabbe SG, Gregory RP, Power ML, Williams SB, Schulkin J. Management of diabetes mellitus by obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Jun;103(6):1229-34.
13. Benhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Hanssens M, Devlieger R, Verhaeghe J, Mathieu C. Gestational diabetes: overview of the new consensus screening strategy and diagnostic criteria.Acta Clin Belg. 2012 Jul-Aug;67(4):255-61.
14-Horvath K, Koch K, Jeitler K, et al. Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340: c1395.
15.Nezami N, Safa J, Eftekhar-Sadat AT, Salari B, Ghorashi S, Sakhaee K, et al. Lovastatin raises serum osteoprotegerin level in people with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. ClinBiochem 2010; 43(16): 1294-9.
16.Schneider S, Bock C, Wetzel M, Maul H, Loerbroks A. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in advanced economies. J Perinat Med, 2012; 40(5): 511-20.
17.Colussi D, Salari B, Stewart K, Lauwers G, Richter J, Chan A, et al. Clinical characteristics and patterns and predictors of response to therapy in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50(11): 1382-8.
18.Bahadori F, Ayatollahi H, Naghavi-Behzad M, Khalkhali H, Naseri Z. Predicting factors on cervical ripening and response to induction in women pregnant over 37 weeks. Medical Ultrasonography, 2013; 15(3): 191-8.
19. Ghojazadeh M, Naghavi-Behzad M, Azar ZF, Saleh P, Ghorashi S, Pouri A-A. Parental knowledge and attitudes about human papilloma virus in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012; 13: 6169-73.
20. Salari B, Totonchi JS. Evaluation of the Goldman tip procedure and suture technique in tip rhinoplasty. J PlastReconstrAesthetSurg, 2011; 64(4): 467-71.
21. Aliasgarzadeh A, Ghojazadeh M, Haji-Hoseini R, Mehanfar F, Piri R, Naghavi-Behzad M, Nezami N. Age related secretary pattern of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I & insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in postmenopausal women. Indian J Med Res, 2014; 139: 598-602.
22. KhoshniatNikoo M, AbbaszaehharjaniSh, Larijani B. Reviewing the prevalence of gestational diabetes in different parts of Iran. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2008; 8(1): 1-10. [in Persian]
23. Mirfeyzi M, Azarian AA, Mirheidari M. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes in pregnant women living in Karaj, in 2008. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders 2010; 9(4): 376-82.
24. Albrecht SS, Kuklina EV, Bansil P, et al. Diabetes trends among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S., 1994-2004. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 768.
25. Kamali S, Shahnam F, HosseinpourMemari M. The association of GDM screening test with 75-g oral glucose with unfavorable complications of pregnancy. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences 2003; 43(): 17-23. [in Persian] 26. Shirazian N, Emdadi R, Mahboubi M, Motevallian A, Fazel-Sarjuei Z, Sedighpour N, Fadaki SF, Shahmoradi N. Screening for gestational diabetes: usefulness of clinical risk factors. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009; 280(6): 933-7.
27. Svare JA, Hansen BB, Mølsted-Pedersen L. Perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta obstetriciaet gynecologica Scandinavica 2001; 80(10): 899-904.
28. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2009. With Special Feature on Medical Technology. Hyattsville MD, 2010. Table 51. Available from file://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus09.pdf#051.
29. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. National Diabetes Statistics, 2007. Available from: //diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/
30. Moradi S, Shafieepour MR, Mortazavi M, Pishgar F. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Rafsanjan: a comparison of different criteria. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29: 209.
31. Parham M, Asgarani F, Bagherzadeh M, Ebrahimi G, Vafaeimanesh J. Thyroid function in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: Is screening necessary? Thyroid Res Pract 2015; 12: 3-7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 4 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diabetes Gestational prevalence Diagnosis | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Parham M, Bagherzadeh M, Ghasembeglou MH, Vafaeimanesh J. Gestational diabetes : Worrisome Prevalence. JBE. 2019;4(4):216-221.
