The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Identification of Its Risk Factors in SouthWestern of Iran in 2019-2020
-
Reza Beiranvand
,
Zaher Khazaei
,
Maryam Parsanahad
,
Zahra Hamule
,
Susan Mohamadi Hossein Abadi
,
Mohaddese Rezaei
,
Shahnaz Ghalavandi
,
Victoria Momenabadi
,
Maryam Seraji
Abstract
Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major cause of burden of diseases in women within the first 4 weeks of delivery. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the role of various factors in PPD in the northern and northeastern regions of Khuzestan province.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was undertaken as the first phase of a case-control study on 1424 mothers in the first 24 to 48 hours after childbirth between January 2019 and January 2020. The data collected covered three areas: baseline characteristics, medical history, and PPD. The latter was measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale with a cut-off point of equal to or greater than 12. The collected data were analyzed using Stata-16 software and simple and multiple Logistic Regression models.
Results: The prevalence of PPD was estimated at 26.6% in the study sample. In the multiple model, the History of elective abortion (OR= 2.26, 95%CI=1.19, 4.27), delivery in the summer (OR= 2.11, 95%CI=1.39, 3.20), birth defect (OR= 2.09, 95%CI=1.10, 3.94), the history of infertility treatment (OR= 0.33, 95CI=0.18, 0.61) and living in urban areas (OR= 0.52, 95%CI=0.39, 0.70), had relationship with the chance of developing PPD.
Conclusion: The results of this study, which sought to identify factors reinforcing and preventing PPD, can be used to identify mothers at risk for PPD. Moreover, it can help make appropriate interventions, including psychological and emotional support of mother during and even before pregnancy to alleviate PPD.
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12. Veisani Y, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of postpartum depression in Iran-A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012;15(14):21-9.
13. Goshtasebi A, Alizadeh M, Gandevani SB. Association between maternal anaemia and postpartum depression in an urban sample of pregnant women in Iran. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2013;31(3):398.
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15. Abdollahi F, Etemadinezhad S, Lye M-S. Postpartum mental health in relation to sociocultural practices. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;55(1):76-80.
16. Khalifa DS, Glavin K, Bjertness E, Lien L. Determinants of postnatal depression in Sudanese women at 3 months postpartum: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(3):e009443.
17. Saleh E-S, El-Bahei W, del El-Hadidy MA, Zayed A. Predictors of postpartum depression in a sample of Egyptian women. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2013;9:15.
18. Hamdan A, Tamim H. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for postpartum depression in the United Arab Emirates. Archives of women's mental health. 2011;14(2):125-33.
19. Islam MJ, Broidy L, Baird K, Mazerolle P. Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy and postpartum depression: The experience of women of Bangladesh. PloS one. 2017;12(5):e0176211.
20. Acharya DR, Bell JS, Simkhada P, Van Teijlingen ER, Regmi PR. Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive health. 2010;7(1):15.
21. Ahmadi kani Golzar A, GoliZadeh Z. Validation of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening postpartum depression in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2015;3(3):1-10.
22. Qandil S, Jabr S, Wagler S, Collin SM. Postpartum depression in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: a longitudinal study in Bethlehem. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2016;16(1):375.
23. Haque A, Namavar A, Breene K-A. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in Middle Eastern/Arab women. Journal of Muslim mental health. 2015;9(1).
24. Burgut FT, Bener A, Ghuloum S, Sheikh J. A study of postpartum depression and maternal risk factors in Qatar. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;34(2):90-7.
25. Ogbo FA, Eastwood J, Hendry A, Jalaludin B, Agho KE, Barnett B, et al. Determinants of antenatal depression and postnatal depression in Australia. BMC psychiatry. 2018;18(1):49.
26. Alhasanat D, Fry‐McComish J, Yarandi HN. Risk for postpartum depression among immigrant Arabic women in the United States: A feasibility study. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 2017;62(4):470-6.
27. Fok CCT, Hayes DK, Curtis AB, Nihoa WK, Shim MJ. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Self-Reported Postpartum Depression Symptoms (SRPDS) in Hawai ‘i, 2012–2015. Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social Welfare. 2020;79(5):153.
28. Eckerdal P, Georgakis MK, Kollia N, Wikström AK, Högberg U, Skalkidou A. Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2018;97(3):301-11.
29. Daoud N, O’Brien K, O’Campo P, Harney S, Harney E, Bebee K, et al. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2019;110(4):440-52.
30. Asaye MM, Muche HA, Zelalem ED. Prevalence and Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Northwest Ethiopia. Psychiatry Journal. 2020;2020.
31. Silverman ME, Smith L, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A, Sandin S. The association between body mass index and postpartum depression: A population-based study. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;240:193-8.
32. LaCoursiere D, Barrett‐Connor E, O’Hara M, Hutton A, Varner M. The association between prepregnancy obesity and screening positive for postpartum depression. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2010;117(8):1011-8.
33. Adkins LD, Tucker A, Gatta LA, Siegel AM, Reiff E, Brown HL, et al. Gestational weight gain and postpartum depression in women with class III obesity. American journal of perinatology. 2020;37(01):019-24.
34. Laudi A, Peeples E. The relationship between neonatal encephalopathy and maternal postpartum depression. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019:1-5.
35. Lasheras G, Farré-Sender B, Porta R, Mestre-Bach G. Risk factors for postpartum depression in mothers of newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2020:1-15.
36. Nishigori H, Obara T, Nishigori T, Metoki H, Mizuno S, Ishikuro M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression symptoms of fathers at one and 6 months postpartum: an adjunct study of the Japan Environment & Children’s Study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018:1-8.
37. Medoff MH. The relationship between restrictive state abortion laws and postpartum depression. Social Work in Public Health. 2014;29(5):481-90.
38. Lynch CD, Prasad MR. Association between infertility treatment and symptoms of postpartum depression. Fertility and Sterility. 2014;102(5):1416-21.
39. Akyuz A, Seven M, Devran A, Demiralp M. Infertility history: is it a risk factor for postpartum depression in Turkish women? The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing. 2010;24(2):137-45.
2. Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2013.
3. Abebe A, Tesfaw G, Mulat H, Hibdye G. Postpartum depression and associated factors among mothers in Bahir Dar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. Annals of general psychiatry. 2019;18(1):19.
4. Kirchengast S. The insane woman-mental disorders and female life history-a Darwinian approach. Neuropsychiatry. 2016;6(5):286–97.
5. Reiter SF, Veiby G, Daltveit A-K, Engelsen BA, Gilhus NE. Psychiatric comorbidity and social aspects in pregnant women with epilepsy—the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2013;29(2):379-85.
6. Gjerdingen DK, Yawn BP. Postpartum depression screening: importance, methods, barriers, and recommendations for practice. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2007;20(3):280-8.
7. Hansotte E, Payne SI, Babich SM. Positive postpartum depression screening practices and subsequent mental health treatment for low-income women in Western countries: a systematic literature review. Public Health Reviews. 2017;38(1):3.
8. Farajzadegan Z, Nourbakhsh SF, Mostajeran M, Loghmani AJJoIMS. Cervical Cancer Screening Status in 35 to 60 Year-old Women in Isfahan, Iran. 2012;30(208).
9. Iranian center for control and prevention. Cancer registration in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2006.
10. Khalifa DS, Glavin K, Bjertness E, Lien L. Postnatal depression among Sudanese women: prevalence and validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 3 months postpartum. International journal of women's health. 2015;7:677.
11. Salem MN, Thabet MN, Fouly H, Abbas AM. Factors affecting the occurrence of postpartum depression among puerperal women in Sohag city, Egypt. Proceedings in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;7(1):1-10.
12. Veisani Y, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of postpartum depression in Iran-A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2012;15(14):21-9.
13. Goshtasebi A, Alizadeh M, Gandevani SB. Association between maternal anaemia and postpartum depression in an urban sample of pregnant women in Iran. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 2013;31(3):398.
14. Taherifard P, Delpisheh A, Shirali R, Afkhamzadeh A, Veisani Y. Socioeconomic, psychiatric and materiality determinants and risk of postpartum depression in border city of ilam, Western iran. Depression research and treatment. 2013;2013.
15. Abdollahi F, Etemadinezhad S, Lye M-S. Postpartum mental health in relation to sociocultural practices. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;55(1):76-80.
16. Khalifa DS, Glavin K, Bjertness E, Lien L. Determinants of postnatal depression in Sudanese women at 3 months postpartum: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(3):e009443.
17. Saleh E-S, El-Bahei W, del El-Hadidy MA, Zayed A. Predictors of postpartum depression in a sample of Egyptian women. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2013;9:15.
18. Hamdan A, Tamim H. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for postpartum depression in the United Arab Emirates. Archives of women's mental health. 2011;14(2):125-33.
19. Islam MJ, Broidy L, Baird K, Mazerolle P. Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy and postpartum depression: The experience of women of Bangladesh. PloS one. 2017;12(5):e0176211.
20. Acharya DR, Bell JS, Simkhada P, Van Teijlingen ER, Regmi PR. Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive health. 2010;7(1):15.
21. Ahmadi kani Golzar A, GoliZadeh Z. Validation of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening postpartum depression in Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2015;3(3):1-10.
22. Qandil S, Jabr S, Wagler S, Collin SM. Postpartum depression in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: a longitudinal study in Bethlehem. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2016;16(1):375.
23. Haque A, Namavar A, Breene K-A. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in Middle Eastern/Arab women. Journal of Muslim mental health. 2015;9(1).
24. Burgut FT, Bener A, Ghuloum S, Sheikh J. A study of postpartum depression and maternal risk factors in Qatar. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2013;34(2):90-7.
25. Ogbo FA, Eastwood J, Hendry A, Jalaludin B, Agho KE, Barnett B, et al. Determinants of antenatal depression and postnatal depression in Australia. BMC psychiatry. 2018;18(1):49.
26. Alhasanat D, Fry‐McComish J, Yarandi HN. Risk for postpartum depression among immigrant Arabic women in the United States: A feasibility study. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 2017;62(4):470-6.
27. Fok CCT, Hayes DK, Curtis AB, Nihoa WK, Shim MJ. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Self-Reported Postpartum Depression Symptoms (SRPDS) in Hawai ‘i, 2012–2015. Hawai'i Journal of Health & Social Welfare. 2020;79(5):153.
28. Eckerdal P, Georgakis MK, Kollia N, Wikström AK, Högberg U, Skalkidou A. Delineating the association between mode of delivery and postpartum depression symptoms: a longitudinal study. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2018;97(3):301-11.
29. Daoud N, O’Brien K, O’Campo P, Harney S, Harney E, Bebee K, et al. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2019;110(4):440-52.
30. Asaye MM, Muche HA, Zelalem ED. Prevalence and Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Northwest Ethiopia. Psychiatry Journal. 2020;2020.
31. Silverman ME, Smith L, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A, Sandin S. The association between body mass index and postpartum depression: A population-based study. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;240:193-8.
32. LaCoursiere D, Barrett‐Connor E, O’Hara M, Hutton A, Varner M. The association between prepregnancy obesity and screening positive for postpartum depression. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2010;117(8):1011-8.
33. Adkins LD, Tucker A, Gatta LA, Siegel AM, Reiff E, Brown HL, et al. Gestational weight gain and postpartum depression in women with class III obesity. American journal of perinatology. 2020;37(01):019-24.
34. Laudi A, Peeples E. The relationship between neonatal encephalopathy and maternal postpartum depression. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019:1-5.
35. Lasheras G, Farré-Sender B, Porta R, Mestre-Bach G. Risk factors for postpartum depression in mothers of newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2020:1-15.
36. Nishigori H, Obara T, Nishigori T, Metoki H, Mizuno S, Ishikuro M, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression symptoms of fathers at one and 6 months postpartum: an adjunct study of the Japan Environment & Children’s Study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018:1-8.
37. Medoff MH. The relationship between restrictive state abortion laws and postpartum depression. Social Work in Public Health. 2014;29(5):481-90.
38. Lynch CD, Prasad MR. Association between infertility treatment and symptoms of postpartum depression. Fertility and Sterility. 2014;102(5):1416-21.
39. Akyuz A, Seven M, Devran A, Demiralp M. Infertility history: is it a risk factor for postpartum depression in Turkish women? The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing. 2010;24(2):137-45.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jbe.v7i2.6724 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Postpartum Depression Women Prevalence Iran | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Beiranvand R, Khazaei Z, Parsanahad M, Hamule Z, Mohamadi Hossein Abadi S, Rezaei M, Ghalavandi S, Momenabadi V, Seraji M. The Prevalence of Postpartum Depression and Identification of Its Risk Factors in SouthWestern of Iran in 2019-2020. JBE. 2021;7(2):143-153.
