Integration of time into a 2-dimensional geography to visualize spatio-temporal clusters of dog rabies in Thailand
Abstract
Background: Space-time scanning analysis to detect cylindrical spatio-temporal clusters of diseases is available. Yet, there is no satisfactory way to visualize the data. Our aim is to visualize spatio-temporal cylindrical clusters of dog rabies in Thailand from 2005 to 2021.
Methods: We obtained dog rabies data from 2005 to 2021 from the World Animal Health Information System under the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The rsatscan package in R was applied to identify spatio-temporal clusters of dog rabies using the discrete Poisson model and Monte Carlo simulation. Using a user-defined function developed by our research team, cylindrical shapes were created based on the provincial administration maps to demonstrate significant clusters over space and time.
Results: The average incidence of dog rabies was 0.5 events per 100,000 human-years, and seven clusters were found during the study period in all five national regions, based on 15% of the population being at risk.
Conclusion: Seven dog rabies clusters were detected throughout Thailand. We recommend intensive control measures to alleviate dog rabies. Our method to generate multi-dimensional graphics can comprehensibly visualize cylinder-shaped outcomes from spatio-temporal data.
REFERENCES
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17. Foo FY, Abdul Rahman N, Shaik Abdullah FZ, Abd Naeeim NS. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis of COVID-19 cases in Johor. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2024;9(2):387-96.
18. Steelesmith DL, Lindstrom MR, Le HTK, Root ED, Campo JV, Fontanella CA. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Deaths of Despair Across the U.S., 2000–2019. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2023;65(2):192-200.
19. Ponzio E, Di Biagio K, Dolcini J, Sarti D, Pompili M, Fiacchini D, et al. Epidemiology of listeriosis in a region in central Italy from 2010 to 2019: Estimating the real incidence and space-time analysis for detecting cluster of cases. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2023;16(12):1904-10.
20. Yaemkasem S, Boonyawiwat V, Sukmak M, Thongratsakul S, Poolkhet C. Spatial and temporal patterns of white spot disease in Rayong Province, Thailand, from october 2015 to september 2018. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2022;199:105560.
21. Abd Naeeim NS, Abdul Rahman N. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis using two different scanning windows: A case study of dengue fever in Peninsular Malaysia. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology. 2022;41:100496.
22. Ahmadkhani M, Alesheikh AA, Khakifirouz S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Space-time epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Iran. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2018;9(2):207-16.
23. Moinet M, Decors A, Mendy C, Faure E, Durand B, Madani N. Spatio-temporal dynamics of tularemia in French wildlife: 2002–2013. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2016;130:33-40.
24. Arjkumpa O, Khamsai A. Spatial epidemiology of animal rabies in upper northeastern Thailand. In: Office of Regional Livestock 4, editor. 2021.
25. Kanankege KS, Errecaborde KM, Wiratsudakul A, Wongnak P, Yoopatthanawong C, Thanapongtharm W, et al. Identifying high-risk areas for dog-mediated rabies using Bayesian spatial regression. One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [Internet]. 2022; 15:[100411 p.]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235277142200043X?via%3Dihub.
26. Population and household statistics [Internet]. Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior 2005-2021 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statyear/#/.
27. QUANTITATIVE DATA DASHBOARD [Internet]. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2024 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://wahis.woah.org/#/dashboards/qd-dashboard.
28. GADM maps and data [Internet]. The Database of Global Administrative Areas. 2024 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://gadm.org/download_country.html.
29. Edzer Pebesma, Roger Bivand, Etienne Racine, Michael Sumner, Ian Cook, Tim Keitt, et al. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data. 1.0-1.6 ed2024.
30. Ken Kleinman, Scott Hostovich, Amer Moosa. Package ‘rsatscan’. 2023.
31. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023.
32. Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, B.E. 2554 (2011), (2011).
33. Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York; 2016.
34. Annonymous. 1. Daily news summary from newspapers:» State Audit Office intensifies rabies outbreak. The prohibition has been resolved and localities can purchase vaccines - Department of Local Administration explains guidelines for preventing outbreaks. In: Information Division Office of The Permanent Secretary Ministry of Interior, editor. 2018.
35. Phoonphongphiphat A. Thailand faces challenges to become 'rabies-free' by 2020 (Government authorities on high alert after facing worst outbreak since 1980). NIKKEI Asia. 2018 April 16, 2018.
36. Sanitsuda. Rabies vaccine scandal bites department boss Same firm supplied jabs for 25 years. Bangkok Post 2018 22 MARCH 2018.
37. Dog Population 2016 [Internet]. 2016 [cited 29 October 2018]. Available from: http://dcontrol.dld.go.th/dcontrol/index.php/rabies/747-dogpop2016.
38. Zhang L, Sun S, Gong W, Thompson L, Cruz J, Dukpa K, et al. Large-scale phylogenetic analysis reveals genetic diversity and geographic distribution of rabies virus in South-East and South Asia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution [Internet]. 2023 2023/09/01/; 113:[105472 p.]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134823000709.
1. World Organisation for Animal Health. Disease Data Collection 2023 [Available from: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/disease-data-collection/.
2. World Organisation for Animal Health. WAHIS: World Animal Health Information System 2023 [Available from: https://wahis.woah.org/#/home.
3. Thanapongtharm W, Kasemsuwan S, Wongphruksasoong V, Boonyo K, Pinyopummintr T, Wiratsudakul A, et al. Spatial Distribution and Population Estimation of Dogs in Thailand: Implications for Rabies Prevention and Control. Frontiers in Veterinary Science [Internet]. 2021; 8:[790701 p.]. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.790701/full.
4. Thanapongtharm W, Suwanpakdee S, Chumkaeo A, Gilbert M, Wiratsudakul A. Current characteristics of animal rabies cases in Thailand and relevant risk factors identified by a spatial modeling approach. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. PMC8668119]; 15(12):[e0009980 p.]. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009980.
5. Yurachai O, Hinjoy S, Wallace RM. An epidemiological study of suspected rabies exposures and adherence to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Eastern Thailand, 2015. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [Internet]. 2020; 14(2):[e0007248 p.]. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007248.
6. Ismail M, Abdel Ghaffar MK, Azzam MA. GIS application to identify the potential for certain irrigated agriculture uses on some soils in Western Desert, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science [Internet]. 2012 June 2012; 15(1):[29-51 pp.]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110982312000051?via%3Dihub.
7. The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council Groundwater Statistics and Monitoring Compliance Team. Groundwater Statistics and Monitoring Compliance (Statistical Tools for the Project Life Cycle): Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council; 2013. Available from: https://projects.itrcweb.org/gsmc-1/Default.htm#GW%20Stats/5%20Methods%20in%20indiv%20Topics/5%208%20Temporal%20Analysis.htm.
8. Tango T. Statistical methods for disease clustering: Springer Science & Business Media; 2010.
9. Kulldorff M. Prospective time periodic geographical disease surveillance using a scan statistic. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) [Internet]. 2001; 164(1):[61-72 pp.]. Available from: https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-985X.00186.
10. Xue M, Huang Z, Hu Y, Du J, Gao M, Pan R, et al. Monitoring European data with prospective space-time scan statistics: predicting and evaluating emerging clusters of COVID-19 in European countries. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Nov 25 [cited 2023 PMC9701036]; 22(1):[2183 p.]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14298-z.
11. Xie Y-h, Chongsuvivatwong V, Tang Z, McNeil EB, Tan Y. Spatio-temporal clustering of hand, foot, and mouth disease at the county level in Guangxi, China. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2014; 9(2):[e88065 p.]. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088065.
12. Kulldorff M. SaTScanTM User Guide for version 10.1 2022 [07 July 2023]. Available from: https://www.satscan.org/cgi-bin/satscan/register.pl/SaTScan_Users_Guide.pdf?todo=process_userguide_download.
13. Neill DB, Moore AW, Sabhnani M, Daniel K, editors. Detection of emerging space-time clusters. Proceedings of the eleventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery in data mining; 2005.
14. García-Bocanegra I, Belkhiria J, Napp S, Cano-Terriza D, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Martínez-López B. Epidemiology and spatio-temporal analysis of West Nile virus in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases [Internet]. 2018 Apr; 65(2):[567-77 pp.]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/tbed.12742?download=true.
15. González-Roldán JF, Undurraga EA, Meltzer MI, Atkins C, Vargas-Pino F, Gutiérrez-Cedillo V, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the national dog rabies prevention and control program in Mexico, 1990–2015. PLoS neglected tropical diseases [Internet]. 2021; 15(3):[e0009130 p.]. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009130.
16. Anothaisintawee T, Genuino AJ, Thavorncharoensap M, Youngkong S, Rattanavipapong W, Meeyai A, et al. Cost-effectiveness modelling studies of all preventive measures against rabies: A systematic review. Vaccine [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X18316347?via%3Dihub.
17. Foo FY, Abdul Rahman N, Shaik Abdullah FZ, Abd Naeeim NS. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis of COVID-19 cases in Johor. Infectious Disease Modelling. 2024;9(2):387-96.
18. Steelesmith DL, Lindstrom MR, Le HTK, Root ED, Campo JV, Fontanella CA. Spatiotemporal Patterns of Deaths of Despair Across the U.S., 2000–2019. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2023;65(2):192-200.
19. Ponzio E, Di Biagio K, Dolcini J, Sarti D, Pompili M, Fiacchini D, et al. Epidemiology of listeriosis in a region in central Italy from 2010 to 2019: Estimating the real incidence and space-time analysis for detecting cluster of cases. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2023;16(12):1904-10.
20. Yaemkasem S, Boonyawiwat V, Sukmak M, Thongratsakul S, Poolkhet C. Spatial and temporal patterns of white spot disease in Rayong Province, Thailand, from october 2015 to september 2018. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2022;199:105560.
21. Abd Naeeim NS, Abdul Rahman N. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis using two different scanning windows: A case study of dengue fever in Peninsular Malaysia. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology. 2022;41:100496.
22. Ahmadkhani M, Alesheikh AA, Khakifirouz S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Space-time epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Iran. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2018;9(2):207-16.
23. Moinet M, Decors A, Mendy C, Faure E, Durand B, Madani N. Spatio-temporal dynamics of tularemia in French wildlife: 2002–2013. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2016;130:33-40.
24. Arjkumpa O, Khamsai A. Spatial epidemiology of animal rabies in upper northeastern Thailand. In: Office of Regional Livestock 4, editor. 2021.
25. Kanankege KS, Errecaborde KM, Wiratsudakul A, Wongnak P, Yoopatthanawong C, Thanapongtharm W, et al. Identifying high-risk areas for dog-mediated rabies using Bayesian spatial regression. One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [Internet]. 2022; 15:[100411 p.]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235277142200043X?via%3Dihub.
26. Population and household statistics [Internet]. Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior 2005-2021 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statyear/#/.
27. QUANTITATIVE DATA DASHBOARD [Internet]. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2024 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://wahis.woah.org/#/dashboards/qd-dashboard.
28. GADM maps and data [Internet]. The Database of Global Administrative Areas. 2024 [cited 07-Feb-2024]. Available from: https://gadm.org/download_country.html.
29. Edzer Pebesma, Roger Bivand, Etienne Racine, Michael Sumner, Ian Cook, Tim Keitt, et al. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data. 1.0-1.6 ed2024.
30. Ken Kleinman, Scott Hostovich, Amer Moosa. Package ‘rsatscan’. 2023.
31. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023.
32. Act Establishing Changwat Bueng Kan, B.E. 2554 (2011), (2011).
33. Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York; 2016.
34. Annonymous. 1. Daily news summary from newspapers:» State Audit Office intensifies rabies outbreak. The prohibition has been resolved and localities can purchase vaccines - Department of Local Administration explains guidelines for preventing outbreaks. In: Information Division Office of The Permanent Secretary Ministry of Interior, editor. 2018.
35. Phoonphongphiphat A. Thailand faces challenges to become 'rabies-free' by 2020 (Government authorities on high alert after facing worst outbreak since 1980). NIKKEI Asia. 2018 April 16, 2018.
36. Sanitsuda. Rabies vaccine scandal bites department boss Same firm supplied jabs for 25 years. Bangkok Post 2018 22 MARCH 2018.
37. Dog Population 2016 [Internet]. 2016 [cited 29 October 2018]. Available from: http://dcontrol.dld.go.th/dcontrol/index.php/rabies/747-dogpop2016.
38. Zhang L, Sun S, Gong W, Thompson L, Cruz J, Dukpa K, et al. Large-scale phylogenetic analysis reveals genetic diversity and geographic distribution of rabies virus in South-East and South Asia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution [Internet]. 2023 2023/09/01/; 113:[105472 p.]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134823000709.
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| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2025) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jbe.v11i2.20557 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Spatio-temporal cluster Rabies Cylindrical visualization R software Thailand | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Te-Chaniyom T. Integration of time into a 2-dimensional geography to visualize spatio-temporal clusters of dog rabies in Thailand. JBE. 2025;11(2):177-196.
