A heuristic model of primary brain cancers and serious mental illnesses, etc., supporting the idea of different clinical expressions with aging of the same epigenetic factors
Abstract
Backgrounds Epidemiological hospital data on primary brain cancers and mental illnesses can support research showing that epigenetic aberrations, among others, can be common for both entities.
Methods Retrospective data from Electronic Patients Records (EPR) from TUHC “Mother Teresa”, Albania, years 2005-2021, were analyzed after creating cutoffs on age, county (capital), epilepsy diagnosis, first admission and diagnosis groups. Combination of age at first hospitalization for the two groups of diagnoses was tested for normality, hypothesized to be a composed normal distribution.
Results The total number of patients fulfilling selection criteria for the period 2005-2021, was 48,303 admissions. First admissions were N=31,603 (65.4%), of which N=15,896 (50.3%) were from Tirana (the capital) county. The number of first admissions for the two major categories for Tirana (the capital) county were respectively; 6,807 (42.8%) and 9,089 (57.2%). Age on first admission mean (median) for Tirana county was 35.1 ± 22.1 (36.0) years. Age on first admission, mean (median), for the two major categories ‘Mental Disorders’ and ‘Other’ for Tirana county were respectively; 37.7 ± 15.4 (37.2) years and 33.0 ± 26.3 (31.0) years and split by sex; male (36.2 ± 15.4 (35.3) years and 32.4 ± 26.4 (28.0) years, p<0.001) and female (39.4 ± 15.4 (39.6) years and 33.8 ± 33.0 (26.0) years, p<0.019). Age-specific distribution (> 15years) data on ‘Mental Disorders’, ‘Other’ and ‘Total’ for Tirana county test positive about normality, Shapiro-Wilk > 0.005 but the only the data for ‘mental disorders’ don’t pass the ‘‘95% range check’’.
Conclusions Independent or common causative factors of Primary Malignant Neoplasm of Brain (PMNB) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI) show patterns of continuity at the age of first hospitalization.
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nervous system: a summary. Neuro-oncology. 2021 Aug 1;23(8):1231-51
1. Adesina AM, Tihan T, Fuller CE, Poussaint TY. Atlas of Pediatric Brain Tumors [Internet].
Springer eBooks. 2016. p. 3-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33432-5
2. DeMonte F, Gilbert MR, Mahajan A, McCutcheon IE, Buzdar AU, Freedman RS. Tumors
of the brain and spine [Internet]. Springer eBooks. 2007. p.117. Available from: https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-0-387-29202-1
3. Torp SH, Solheim O, Skjulsvik AJ. The WHO 2021 Classification of Central Nervous System
tumours: a practical update on what neurosurgeons need to know—a minireview. Acta
Neurochirurgica. 2022 Sep;164(9):2453-64.
4. Uddin LQ, Yeo BT, Spreng RN. Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human
brain networks. Brain topography. 2019 Nov;32(6):926-42. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6.
5. Seano G, editor. Brain Tumors. Springer US; 2021.
6. Rezaei N, Hanaei S. Human brain and spinal cord tumors: From bench to bedside. Volume 2
[Internet]. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2023. p. 2. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8.
7. Wegrzyn D, Juckel G, Faissner A. Structural and functional deviations of the hippocampus in
schizophrenia and schizophrenia animal models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences.
2022 May 13;23(10):5482. p. 90-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105482.
8. Larkin W, Morrison AP. Trauma and psychosis: New Directions for Theory and Therapy.
Routledge; 2007. p. 24, p. 51, p. 242.
9. Mullen M. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook for Psychosis: Manage Your
Emotions, Reduce Symptoms, and Get Back to Your Life. New Harbinger Publications; 2021. p. 5.
10. Geekie J, Randal P, Lampshire D, Read J. Experiencing psychosis: Personal and Professional
Perspectives. Routledge; 2013. p. 75.
11. Paniagua FA. ICD-10 VersusDSM-5on Cultural Issues. SAGE Open [Internet]. 2018 Jan
1;8(1):215824401875616. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018756165.
12. Valle R. Schizophrenia in ICD-11: Comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5. Revista De Psiquiatría Y
Salud Mental (English Edition) [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1;13(2):95–104. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.01.002.
13. Cox RJ, Brokstad KA. Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19.
Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020 Oct;20(10):581-2.
14. Hardin AP, Hackell JM, Simon GR, Boudreau ADA, Baker CN, Barden GA, et al. Age limit of
pediatrics. PEDIATRICS [Internet]. 2017 Aug 21;140(3). Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2151.
15. Beghi E. The epidemiology of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology. 2020 Dec 18;54(2):185-91.
16. Cascino GD, Sirven JI, Tatum WO, editors. Epilepsy. John Wiley & Sons; 2021 Feb 22.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ICD - ICD-9-CM - International Classification
of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. 2021. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm.htm.
18. Librat [Internet]. Instat. 2024. Available from: https://www.instat.gov.al/al/publikime/librat/.
19. Akshija I. Incidence and prevalence of psychotic disorders, a county population study of Tirana
hospital admissions. Journal of Health Policy & Outcomes Research [Internet]. 2023 Jun
18;(1):48–56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7365/jhpor.2023.1.7.
20. Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology [Internet]. Oxford University Press eBooks. 2003. p. 205-
206. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198515517.001.0001
21. Pillay AL. The minimum age of criminal responsibility, international variation, and the Dual
Systems Model in neurodevelopment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health [Internet].
2019 Sep 2;31(3):224–34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2019.1692851.
22. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine - ACEM. Definition of an dmission [Internet].
[cited 2023 Dec 6]. Available from: https://x.gd/yaKdb
23. Rezaei N, Hanaei S. Human brain and spinal cord tumors: From bench to bedside. Volume 1
[Internet]. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2023. p.3, p.21, p.29, p.42, p.86.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6.
24. Thompson A, Broome M. Risk factors for psychosis: Paradigms, Mechanisms, and Prevention.
Academic Press; 2020. p.18, p. 105.
25. Reece MT. Inside the closed world of the brain: how brain cells connect, share and disengage--
and why this holds the key to Alzheimer’s disease. Reece Biomedical Consulting. p. 72.
26. Notaras M, Lodhi A, Dündar F, Collier P, Sayles NM, Tilgner H, et al. Schizophrenia is defined
by cell-specific neuropathology and multiple neurodevelopmental mechanisms in patient-derived
cerebral organoids. Molecular Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 Nov 17;27(3):1416–34. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01316-6.
27. Löhrs L, Hasan A. Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung und den Verlauf der Schizophrenie.
Fortschritte Der Neurologie · Psychiatrie [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1;87(02):133–43. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0836-7839.
28. Gao X, Mi Y, Guo N, Xu H, Jiang P, Zhang R, Xu L, Gou X. Glioma in schizophrenia: is the risk higher or lower?. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2018 Sep 3;12:289. Available from:
https://doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00289.
29. Broussard B, Compton MT. The First Episode of Psychosis: A Guide for Young People and Their
Families. Oxford University Press; 2021 Mar 4. p. 407.
30. Reid S. What is so normal about the normal distribution?. BMJ Mental Health. 2010 Nov
1;13(4):100.
31. Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A. Descriptive statistics and normality
tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;22(1):67. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_157_18.
32. Limpert E, Stahel WA. Problems with Using the Normal Distribution – and Ways to Improve
Quality and Efficiency of Data Analysis. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2011 Jul 14;6(7):e21403.
Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021403.
33. Walck C. Hand-book on Statistical Distributions for Experimentalists. 1996. p. 121.
34. Jung CG. Il libro rosso. Turin: Bollati Boringhieri; 2014. p.71.
35. Gratton L, Scott AJ. The 100-Year life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity. Bloomsbury
Publishing; 2021. p. 101-102.
36. Boum Y, Fai KN, Nikolay B, Mboringong AB, Bebell LM, Ndifon M, et al. Performance and
operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic
and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study. The
Lancet Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2021 Mar 25;21(8):1089–96.
37. Assaid N, Arich S, Charoute H, Akarid K, Sadat MA, Maaroufi A, et al. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2
IgM and IgG Antibodies 3 Months after COVID-19 Onset in Moroccan Patients. American
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene [Internet]. 2022 Dec 12;108(1):145–54. Available
from: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.22-0448.
38. Salillas E, Benavides-Varela S, Semenza C. The brain lateralization and development of
math functions: progress since Sperry, 1974. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2023 Oct
27;17:1288154.
39. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, Hawkins C, Ng HK,
Pfister SM, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central
nervous system: a summary. Neuro-oncology. 2021 Aug 1;23(8):1231-51
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| Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2025) | |
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| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jbe.v11i2.20559 | |
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Akshija I. A heuristic model of primary brain cancers and serious mental illnesses, etc., supporting the idea of different clinical expressions with aging of the same epigenetic factors. JBE. 2025;11(2):214-229.
